Tuesday, March 18, 2008

Comics and Games - Transitional spaces in comics and games

Taylor's "Compromised Divisions: Thresholds in comics Books and Videogames" When looking at the study of comic books and video games, Laurie Taylor has noted that both these media have been looked at as juvenile work. However the association of video games to film or digital media have given them scholarship and popular reception, which seems odd considering that comics have an influence on video games. Hence, the need for comic books to be explicated on their importance in their relation to other media, which authors like Lev Manovich and Jay Bolters have chosen to neglect in their discussions on hybrid media. On the other hand, Scott McCloud distinctively states the difference in interactivity between comics and video games are based on spatial interaction, rather than sequential or narrative interaction.

The places where the view point dramatically changes after movement over a specific line or point are thresholds. In her discussion on threshold and demarcated spaces Taylor says, "Exacting thresholds exist in both video games and graphic novels, and their usage in one medium bears more than a passing resemblance to their usage in other, relating to the depth of field in the spaces of each." The significance of spatial borders in comics and video games illustrates the connection between panels and frames within each medium.

In discussing the role of thresholds as applied to the South Park's version of "Super Mario Bros. 2" the focus is on the character action which can vary in position depending on the action done, though as stated by Taylor it is always in the center of the screen even though the center of the screen can some times be the borders. Re-tracing or re-covering certain spaces in the game is required to be done by the player in order to continue the game's narrative, this mostly happens when the player loses a life in the game therefore causing the player to start play from the beginning.

Super Mario Bros. 2 allows the player to move back and forth in a linear manner, which though possible has no consequential purpose except loss of life if the time limit expires before completing a stage. However, back and forth movement is not possible as far as thresholds of this games are concerned.

The single panel used in the game does give an overall placement within the larger story, though the individual relationship of the panels on a certain level does change the understanding of the story.


I
n conclusion, "space is the defining element of video games, but as that space must be transversed movement is equally pivotal to any video game design and play." (Espen Aarseth) This essay looked specifically at the role of thresholds in the South Park, Super Mario Bros. 2 video games.

Reference:
Taylor, L. Compromised Divisions: Thresholds in Comic Books and Video Games.

Sunday, March 16, 2008

Constructing a Character Rig using XSI

Comparison of XSI's Biped Guide with my rig

XSI's default Biped Guide
When we look at the XSI's default Biped guide, which is generated by simply opening the Softimage XSI application, which by default opens a new window, we choose the Animate tool bar and open the Character settings, were the Biped Guide is located. Clicking on the Biped Guide opens an information window, which allows changes on the type of Biped Guide one requires to be made and then"ok" accepts the approved settings. The Biped Guide is a ready made skeleton that one can use to create a character from. However a Biped Guide is difficult to use because of it being unstable and underactuated, so for one to us it, there have to be some adjustments made to suit the type of character rig one may want to design. Choosing to use the Biped Guide can be advantageous when one has to construct a character in the shortest time possible, because all the controls are ready made. However changes would have to be made if the character has abnormalities, like for example the character rigging done for the animation, The Incredibles.

Rigging my Character

When it comes to rigging a character one has to consider a lot of things, the kind of character to be rigged, whether human or otherwise. Making the rig as simple as possible is a bonus, which in this assignment, was a normal human rig. We started off, creating one leg with the foot, which had four chain bones, the thigh, the calf and the foot which has two separate chains bones. The leg was then duplicated after a knee up vector was added to it as well as a foot control and foot roll. Then hip control was given to the rig.

The spine was then created using two chain bones and a curved null was placed within the spine to give it normal body movement. Three ribs were created to give the spine and body form and better control. Then the arm was created by giving it a shoulder blade, an arm, wrist and finally fingers. These were parented to the spine and given controls.

XSI Biped Guide is less time consuming as compared to my rig, which was created from scratch in a sequence I chose. I determined the shape and size and the constraints as well as the body mass and characteristics, while the Biped Guide restricts these. Overall the rigging I did was very difficult and it gave me an idea as to why constraints are necessary and how they help control the rig. There was also a better, clearer understanding as to why parenting is done in a rig and body controls are added.

Monday, March 10, 2008

Film Abaptation of a Book

Meet the Robinsons a film adaptation of A Day with Wilbur Robinson by William Joyce (1990)

The book written and illustrated by William Joyce was based on his childhood in Shreveport, the science fiction movies he enjoyed watching and the cartoons he loved. It has the sweet domestic experiments with science in the form of curiously sensible philosophical inventions, the fox terrier, twisted comedy sensibility and the music he had heard by Ellington and Louis Armstrong were particularly infused into the book.

The book was rewritten by Jon Bernstein and Michelle Spritz, directed by Steven J. Anderson and produced by Dorothy McKim.
The storyline is based on a young orphan called Lewis whose dream is to belong to a family and has a difficult time in being adopted. Lewis meets a strange kid by the name of Wilbur Robinson who claims to be from the future and whisks him away to the future, were their adventure unfolds.

Semantic Analysis
A horrible rainstorm brings a stranded mother to the doorstep of an orphanage, were she abandons her son Lewis. Mildred steps out after a calm knock is heard at the door, to find lying in a basket a child crying. She takes Lewis in to the orphanage there raises him, while hopefully awaiting his adopted.

Here we have a tragic beginning to unfold the plot were Paul Thibault's semiotic system langue2 evolves using sign types, with opposition of forms in syntagmatic and association groups with cross coupling . This is depicted by the two opposite characters, a mother abandoning her child, leaving him to a fate unknown, and Mildred who runs an orpanage, taking in the child to nurture and care for him. The affection is portrayed visually, when no words are spoken, just soft sentimental music and a crying baby are heard in the background with dim lighting depicting the mood on the set.

Pascal Lefevre sites that it is hard to have a film adaptation because the reception of a book as compared to it film counterpart, differ in that, the creative scenes of the film are done by a group of writers, photographers, directors, actors, editors and the like, using a bigger budget. There sometimes is the case were deletion and additions are made by the writers to make emphasis on a subject matter or scene as seen in this picture were there storyline is changed.The translation of drawing to photography is clearly distinguished, as we can see, but not hear, thus the added sound is also of importance, it enhances the emotional aesthetic to the film and the audience can hear and watch as the film caters for a larger audience capacity as compared to the silent epic which limits readership and visual pragmatics.

Lewis grows up, aspiring to become a great inventor, though his inventions fail. His roommate Michael Yagoobian(Goob) is a tyke with a propensity for sarcastic one liners which hit home.
Here the story moves from a social semiotic to a humorous twist with the introduction of the sarcastic roommate who in this scene introduce comic relief. This is achieved by Goobs' disjointed stream of conscious speech construction, when he reflects on his dreams of becoming a future baseball star, which proves crippling and exploitable, while Lewis' determination in constructing his latest invention also cripples his perception of failure and the lack of forward thinking.

The hallmark of Lewis' invention is the Memory Scanner, which extracts one's memory and display them on a screen. It is pieced together by old household hardware. As necessity is the mother of invention, Lewis' invention has an ulterior motive, which is to locate his mother and surprisingly turns out to be climax of the plot.

The Bowler Hat Guy, a canny, sinister antagonist from the future, travels back to Lewis' time to steal the Memory Scanner and here the plot thickens, with an overplayed villainous buffoonery, portrayed by Goob's character, who meets his future self, the Bowler Hat Guy, portrayed with an ingrained childhood mindset that is manipulated easily by outside influence, ultimately transcends and compliments the wacky time travel adventure. Where we meet very vibrant, extreme eccentric personalities in the future, with a rich arrays of colour in the form of landscape and futuristic buildings. A robot house helper called Carl, who in the book is depicted as Wilbur's robot, an octopus as the butler, coupled by innovative transportation, which ranges from flying cars which enable time travel, uncle Arts' flying saucer, cousin Laszlo's anti-gravity device and vacuum tube elevators that take you from one place of the house to another.

In conclusion the story ends with order restored when Lewis returns to the present, gets adopted and become a successful inventor while the future gives Lewis a glimpse of Goob's ambition and a reflection of his selfishness, a change of fate occurs with Lewis now helping Goob win the little league, when he catches the ball, which causes the team to win the little league. All ends well like a happily ever after epic.

Reference:
http://djfowlie.blogspot.com/2008/01/dvd-review-meet-robinsons-2007.html
http://www.avclub.com/content/cinema/meet_the_robinsons
http://www.flipsidemovies.com/meettherobinsons.html
http://www.comicbookbin.com/Meet_The_Robinsons_3030.html

Outlined key points of Neil Cohn's "A Visual Lexicon" and "Visual Syntactic Structure"

A Visual Lexicon

Abstract
- Recognizing visual languages

Attention Units
- Panel or frame are the most basic representation in visual language
- The two obvious characteristics are the positive and negative elements, which translate the overall sequence
- Positive represent the figures and focal action of the panel and negative, the background
- Panels are categorized as the Lexical Representational Matrix(LRM)
- Micros are at the bottom of the LRM, featuring less than one grammatical entity, positively charged, often as close-ups
- Monos are singular entity panels, one level above micros
- Macros precede monos, containing more than one entity
- Above the hierarchy are Polymorphic panels with grammatical structures and event representation within boundaries of one frame.
- The “windowing of attention” is what Leonard Talmy(2001) referred to in an event that unfolds in full within a single panel

Maximal Windowing
- My bike is across the street from the bakery
- Jane sat across the table from John

Medial Gapping
- My bike is across from the bakery
- Jane sat across from John
Initial Gapping
- My bike is across the street
- Jane sat across the table

- Inclusionary panels embed a panel into another panel

Smaller than Syntax
- Panel structure change constantly internally, however, productive elements stay the same
- The sand narratives of the Australian Arrernte community appear mostly in fixed representations
- The sand narratives are created temporally, with each sign created and used on its own, represent lexical items, relating Arrernte to English-type morphology than the visual languages that use panels.
- Arrernte also enforces real time interactivity and a canvas of sand, which brings about disregard to detailed representation, however at the same time the sand narrative of the Australian Walpiri, being similar to the Arrernte have what Nancy Munn calls, an “actor item”, which is the simplistic pairing of objects to convey a large amount of narrative information.
- Path lines are another form of visual representation which depicts a trajectory attached to an object to give it aesthetic value or meaning, making it a unified semantic bundle.
- Closed class items like hearts, speed lines and word balloons contain higher degree of symbolism, while productive, nouns and verbs belong to an open class of visual signs.

Construction
- Constructions vary in size, form-meaning patterns in language and length can be longer than individual words.
- Set up(humorous dialogue/situation) – beat/pause(no text) – punch line(delivers the joke); Neal von Flue 2004

Conclusion
- A lexical item is meaningful unit or a combination of units of form-meaning pairing which can be either productive or non productive.

Visual Syntactic Structure

Transitional Syntax
- Analyzing the grouping of words and phrases into sentences is known as syntax
- Visual language syntax is the study of sequential images organized structurally.
-

Saturday, March 1, 2008

Brief History of the Comic Medium - Timeline

1835
America's first superhero, created by Nathaniel Hawthorne as The Grey Champion appears in New England Magazine.

1842

Wilson and Company reprints Rudolphe Topler's The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck. Believed to be the first comic published in America.

1895
A boy in a yellow nightshirt in a series of comics by Richard Outcault, which takes place in Hogan’s Alley is published by Joseph Pulitzer, owner of the New York World, becomes very popular in 1897, known as “The Yellow Kid.” Outcault is then hired to draw the cartoon by William Hearst of New York Journal resulting in Pulitzer hiring George Luks t draw his own version of The Yellow Kid. The strips both end in 1989, after both are known to tell tales, rather than sticking to reporting facts, which in turn is known as “yellow journalism.”

1897
The Katzenjammer Kids appear in the New York Journal for the first time on December 12, starring a set of twin brothers, Hans and Fritz, telling a story in a series of panels. As the oldest strip in syndication, by Rudolph Dirks, it is still running today.

1901
The Scarlet Pimpernel, the story of a French hero during the Revolution who disguises himself as an English fop, runs on the London stage for 4 years as a smash hit, prompting endless series of sequels.


1905
Windsor McCay with the first continuing story in the form of a comic strip, noted as one of the most richly illustrated of all time begins running Little Nemo in Slumberland in the New York Herald.

1907
The first successful daily comic strip, known as A. Mutt, by Mutt and Jeff is made into a series of animated films in 1913 and the strips continue to be published through 1982.

1912
Under the Moons of Mars by Edgar Rice Burrough begins in Munsey's All-Story Magazine (six issues) which features a man who gains super powers by traveling to another planet.

1913
Krazy Kat starring Ignatz Mouse, Krazy Kat, and Offissa Pup by writer and artist George Herriman which originated as filler drawings at the bottom of The Dingbat Family, is spun off into its own strip, though never very popular, it has a small and devoted following that fortunately, includes William Randolph Hearst, who owns King Features Syndicate, which carries the strip until Herriman's death in 1944.

1914

The first of Rube Goldberg's ridiculously complicated contraptions, the "Automatic Weight Reducing Machine," is published in the New York Evening Mail.

1919

Gasoline Alley the first strip ever to have characters who age in real time begins. Frank King's characters go to war, marry, have children, and so on. The strip is still running today.

1920
Chronicling the trials of a woman working to support her family Winnie Winkle debuts, featuring a working woman, while not the first comic to do so, it is the first to gain widespread attention and it lasts until 1996.

1924
Harold Gray begins Little Orphan Annie, a tale of rags to riches... to rags, to riches, and back again, as the indomitable orphan and millionaire Daddy Warbucks find each other and part over and over. Annie also finds success as a radio show, a Broadway musical, and a movie.

1925
Frank Armer adds Pep to his line featuring "snappy, spicy stories and art" Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson is cashiered from the US Army and takes to writing adventure pulp stories. In October he opens the Wheeler-Nicholson newspaper syndicate and attempts to peddle features and comics to newspapers across the country, including adaptations of Treasure Island and the Three Musketeers.

1926
The first science fiction pulp magazine begins from Hugo Gernsback. Wheeler-Nicholson's syndicate goes bust and he temporarily, resurfacing as a pulp writer for Adventure and Argosy in Amazing Stories.



1927
Frank Armer's Thrills, an adventure pulp magazine debuts and runs for atleast five issues.

1928
Amazing Stories, debuts Buck Rodgers.

1930
Chic Young begins Blondie. She marries Dagwood in 1933. In an unprecedented set of crossovers in 2005, dozens of comic strips join in celebrating its 75 years in print.

1933
Funnies on Parade, a collection of reprinted newspaper comic strips, is given away as an advertising promotion. It is the first to be printed in what becomes the standard size for modern comic books: 5.5" x 8". It's followed by Famous Funnies, a similar collection sold for ten cents.

1934
Milton Caniff's Terry and the Pirates begins. The popular strip features the adventures of Terry Lee in the Far East.

1937

The first issue of Detective Comics is released by the company that will eventually be named Detective Comics.
1938
Action Comics features the first superhero ever: Superman making its first appearance, but he isn't yet able to fly though he can run faster than a train, leap over tall buildings, and block bullets with his chest,. The character is a hit, and many more superhero comics follow.

1939
"The Bat-Man" makes his first appearance in Detective Comics. Unlike Superman, Batman has no powers; he fights crime using martial arts, technology, and his mind. Timely Comics releases Marvel Comics, including Prince Namor the Sub-Mariner and several other heroes. Timely will eventually be renamed Marvel. DC introduces The Flash, a superhero who can run faster than the speed of light.

1940

Detective Comics presents Alan Scott, who makes a ring that allows him to use the light of the Green Lantern. Brenda Starr debuts. The star of the strip is a redheaded reporter who often visits exotic places. It's notable for being created by a woman, Dale Messick. The strip continues to be female-created, now being written by Mary Schmich and drawn by June Brigman.

1941
Steve Rogers is given super-soldier serum and a mighty shield in what will become the Marvel universe, becoming Captain America. Detective Comics introduces Wonder Woman, designed by psychiatrist William Marston to embody female ideals of heroism. Redheaded teenager Archie Andrews makes his first appearance in Pep Comics. In 1945, the publisher will change its name from MLJ Comics to Archie Comics.

1947 Donald Duck's Uncle Scrooge makes his first comic book appearance.

1948
The daily Pogo comic strip starts by Walt Kelly. The Pogo Possum character had been introduced in the first issue of the Animal Comics comic book in 1941, but gained fame for his topical political humor in the newspaper strips.

1949

Casper, had been introduced in a cartoon in 1945, the Friendly Ghost, then gets his own comic book fur years later.

1950

Charles M. Schulz's Peanuts, the most profitable comic strip of all time, begins its 50-year run. He'd wanted to name it Li'l Folks, but the United Feature syndicate changed its name over Schulz's objections. Spinoffs of the comic, which features Charlie Brown and Snoopy, will include many animated TV specials and a Broadway musical, not to mention every imaginable merchandising tie-in. The strip ends the day Schulz dies, but newspapers continue to reprint the older installments.


1954

The Comics Code Authority is created in response to public and Congressional objections to comic books featuring tales of crime and horror.

1959
Detective Comics introduces Supergirl, cousin of Superman.

1961 Marvel presents Stan Lee's The Fantastic Four, a superhero group consisting of Mr. Fantastic, The Invisible Girl, The Thing, and The Human Torch. Unusually, the team members didn't hide their real identities (Reed Richards, Susan Storm, Ben Grimm, and Johnny Storm). Reed and Susan would marry in 1965.


1962 Marvel adds another two superheroes: Spider-Man and The Hulk. Bitten by a radioactive spider, Peter Parker gains the proportionate strength of a spider, and designs his own webshooters. He soon learns that with great power comes great responsibility. Dr. Banner, belted by gamma rays, turns into the Hulk, a giant green monster with matching purple pants.

Archie Comics debuts Sabrina, the Teenage Witch in the back of Archie's Madhouse. She'll get her own title in 1971, eventually starring in several cartoon shows and a live-action TV series.

1963
Josie McCoy is introduced by Archie Comics in She's Josie. In 1969, she'll become the head of a rock band, in Josie and the Pussycats. Marvel Comics starts its first series of mutants, the X-Men, led by Professor X. The other founding members are Angel, Beast, Cyclops, Marvel Girl, and Iceman.

1964

Daredevil, the Man Without Fear, appears in his own Marvel Comics title. This superhero was blinded by radioactive waste, which heightened his other senses.
In the DC universe, the Teen Titans makes its first appearance, consisting of Aqualad, Kid Flash, Robin, and Wonder Girl.

1968
Tom Wilson create Ziggy, an executive at the American Greetings card company. He'll get his own daily newspaper panel in 1971.

1970
The first strip to be carried by Universal Press Syndicate, Doonesbury begins appearing in daily newspapers by Garry Trudeau's combining the ongoing stories of various characters aging in real time with political satire, and becomes the first comic strip to be awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning, in 1975.

1974
Wolverine makes his first appearance, as a Canadian superhero fought by the Hulk, later joining the X-Men and getting his own monthly title.

1976

Cathy Guisewite introduces Cathy, a comic strip loosely based on her own life. The Everywoman main character struggles with "the four basic guilt groups: Food, Love, Mother, and Career."


1978

Garfield begins his long nap in the nation's newspapers. The strip becomes one of the most widely syndicated—and merchandised—of all time.


1979

Telling the story of the Patterson family, Lynn Johnston's creation, For Better or For Worse comic strip debuts, with characters aging in real time. The strip becomes known for its realistic portrayal of life events and is eventually nominated for a Pulitzer, a rare distinction especially for a non-political comic strip.

1980
The Far Side, a strange but popular daily panel, makes its first appearance in the San Francisco Chronicle on New Year's Day.
Bloom County begins in December. While modeled on Doonesbury to some extent, the strip has a wackier tone and includes talking animals. Its two most famous characters are Opus the penguin and Bill the Cat. (Ironically, Bill—specifically created as an unmerchandisable parody of Garfield—turns out to be highly mechandisable himself.) The strip wins a Pulitzer in 1987.

1984

Pat Brady's Rose Is Rose begins its run in syndication, a consistently cheerful comic about everyday life, it often shifts to fanciful—sometimes surreal—points of view.

1985

Calvin and Hobbes, the adventures of an imaginative boy and his stuffed tiger, begins its daily newspaper run. Author Bill Watterson becomes known for his refusal to merchandise the wildly popular characters in any way, and for insisting —in later years—that the Sunday strips be run in his preferred format or not at all. While the strip ends in 1996, it is still rerun in many papers.


1986

The very first version of Maus, Art Spiegelman's story based on his father's Holocaust experiences, appeared on three pages of Funny Aminals in 1972. It got underway in earnest in 1980, when a 10-page installment appeared in Raw magazine. In 1986, the revised first six installments are published as a graphic novel: Maus: A Survivor's Tale. A second volume is published in 1991 as Maus II: And Here My Troubles Began. The combined work wins a special Pulitzer Prize. In addition to being a powerful story, Maus helps graphic novels begin to gain respectability among mainstream readers and critics.


1987

Greg Evans' Luann appears on the comic pages, chronicling the life of teenager Luann DeGroot. While a lighthearted strip in general, it's addressed heavy topics such as drugs, drunk driving, and cancer. It's also the first strip ever to feature a character getting her first period.


1988

FoxTrot, Bill Amend's comic strip about the Fox family, begins.

1989
Neil Gaiman begins The Sandman, published by DC Comics. Along with Swamp Thing, it is used to launch the Vertigo line of comics aimed at adults. The popular and complex series runs for 75 issues, with the occasional followup miniseries or graphic novel.


1990

Baby Blues, a comic strip, about the ups and downs of child-rearing, is written by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott debuts with the birth of Zoe MacPherson to parents Wanda and Darryl.. Characters in the strip age one year for every two or three that pass in real life.

1995
Stone Soup begins to be served. Jan Eliot's strip is one of the few to be centered around a single mother, Val Stone. A widow and full-time worker, Val has two children, Holly and Alix (aged 13 and 9). At the start of the strip, she lives with her mother, and her sister, a divorcé with a toddler, Max. While the characters don't age, Joan eventually marries their next door neighbor, Wally, who's taken in his teenaged nephew, Andy.


1997

Zits, begins a strip about the family and friends of 15-year-old Jeremy Duncan which makes frequent use of surreal imagery reflecting and exaggerating characters' points of view, by Jerry Scott and Jim Borgman.


1999 The Boondocks, by Aaron McGruder, begins syndication in more than 150 newspapers. The strip stars African American children in a mostly white area. Its bitingly satirical commentary on racial and political issues has earned it both praise and protests.

2001

Pearls Before Swine, which has been published on the Web since 1999, begins appearing in newspapers on December 31. The strip, written by Stephan Pastis, features Pig, Rat, Zebra, Goat, and The Fraternity of Crocodiles. The characters are aware that they're in a comic strip, one which often parodies other strips and the medium itself. The simplistic art style plays off a quickwitted and quirky comic sensibility.

2002
The first American edition of Shonen Jump, dated January 2003, is released the preceding December. This 288-page digest of Japanese comic books, or manga, includes installments of Yu-Gi-Oh! and One Piece. The first issue sells almost 300,000 copies, a definite success, and another installment follows each month thereafter. The magazine is a spinoff of Japan's Weekly Shonen Jump, which has been running since 1968. Pages in the American edition are read "backward," from right to left, so that the artwork appears as it did in the original Japanese version.

2005
The publishers of Shonen Jump introduce Shojo Beat, a manga digest targeted at older teens, particularly teenaged girls. ("Shonen" means "boy," and "shojo" means "girl.") The tagline is "Manga from the heart."

2007
Captain America is shot and killed by his nemesis, Red Skull.

References:

http://www.supermanartists.comics.org/dchistory/DCHISTORY-1.htm
http://www.crumbproducts.com/history/timeline.htm http://www.gayleague.com/gay/timeline/timeline3.php http://www.supermansupersite.com/timeline.html